R. Yehudah sagte: R. Yishmael fragte R. Yehoshua, als sie die Straße entlang gingen: Warum war es verboten, den Käse von Götzendienern zu essen? [Die Anfrage geht an die Rabbiner. Es ist nicht nötig, die Milch eines unreinen Tieres zu befürchten, denn wir wissen, dass diese Milch nicht gerinnt.] Er antwortete: Weil sie sie im Schlund von Aas gerinnen lassen. R. Yishmael: Aber ist der Schlund eines Brandopfers nicht strenger (gegenüber der Ableitung des Nutzens) als der des Aas, ungeachtet dessen, was sie sagten: Ein Cohein, der es tolerieren kann, quaffelt es roh, [es ist nichts weiter als ein Sekret]! (Und sie gaben es ihm nicht zu [um es von Anfang an zuzulassen], sondern sagten ihm: Es ist nicht erlaubt, Nutzen daraus zu ziehen, aber ein Meilah-Angebot [Missbrauch von heiligem Eigentum] wird nicht gebracht [wenn Nutzen daraus abgeleitet wurde ]). Dann wiederholte er (R. Yehoshua): Weil sie es im Schlund der Kälber (die dem Götzendienst gewidmet sind) gerinnen lassen. [Und obwohl es nur ein Sekret ist, ist es verboten, da es in Bezug auf den Götzendienst geschrieben steht (5. Mose 13:18): "Und lass dort nichts von der Beute an deiner Hand haften."] Er (R. Yishmael) daraufhin fragte: Wenn ja, warum haben sie die Ableitung des Nutzens nicht verboten?—woraufhin er ihn auf eine andere Angelegenheit umleitete, [aber er wollte den Grund dafür nicht angeben, da zwölf Monate seit Erlass dieses Dekrets noch nicht vergangen waren; und wenn die Rabbiner ein Dekret erlassen, geben sie den Grund erst im dreizehnten Monat (ab seiner Erteilung) bekannt, bis es sich durchgesetzt hat, damit es nicht jemanden gibt, der den Grund in Frage stellt und kommt, um es zu verbilligen. Und der Grund, warum sie den Käse von Nichtjuden verboten haben, ist, dass sie ihn in der Haut des Schlunds der geschlachteten Tiere von Nichtjuden, der Neveilah (Aas), gerinnen lassen. Und obwohl es im Verhältnis zur gesamten Milch vernachlässigbar ist, wird es nicht aufgehoben, da es die Milch gerinnt und darauf einwirkt. Die Regel lautet: "Alles geht nach dem Katalysator." Und das Verbot von Milch und Fleisch würde es nicht verbieten, denn wenn das Fleisch selbst erlaubt wäre, würde es die Milch nicht verbieten, obwohl es sie geronnen hat, bis es ihr einen Geschmack (von Fleisch) verlieh. Aber eine Sache, die an sich verboten ist (z. B. neveilah), verbietet das Zulässige, auch wenn es ihm keinen Geschmack verleiht, solange es es gerinnt.] ("Daraufhin leitete er ihn zu einer anderen Sache um") und fragte ihn: Yishmael, wie liest du es (Hohelied 1: 2): "denn deine [Israels] Liebe [des Herrn] ('dodecha') ist besser als Wein" oder: "für deine [die des Herrn] Liebe [von Israel] ('Dodayich') ist besser als Wein "? Er antwortete: "Zum Besseren ist Dodayich"—Daraufhin sagte er (R. Yehoshua): Es ist nicht so, wie aus dem Folgenden hervorgeht (3): "Für den Duft sind Ihre Öle gut usw." (Der Kontext zeigt deutlich, dass Israel das L rd anspricht). [Israel sagt vor dem Heiligen, gesegnet sei er: "Süßer für mich sind die Worte von Dodecha (Ihre Lieben, dh die von den Weisen verordneten und verordneten Maßnahmen) mehr als 'der Wein der Tora' (die geschriebene Tora) selbst)."]
Bartenura on Mishnah Avodah Zarah
מפני מה אסרו גבינת של עובדי כוכבים – with regarding to eating, but the Rabbis require it because the milk of an impure animal one doesn’t have to suspect anything for we hold that the milk of an impure animal does not curdle.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Avodah Zarah
Introduction
This mishnah contains a discussion between Rabbi Ishmael and Rabbi Joshua concerning the prohibition of non-Jewish cheese.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Avodah Zarah
שורפה חיה – it is a mere secretion (and no longer real milk – see Tractate Hullin 116b).
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English Explanation of Mishnah Avodah Zarah
Rabbi Judah said: Rabbi Ishmael put this question to Rabbi Joshua as they were walking on the way, “Why have they forbidden the cheese of non-Jews?” He replied, because they curdle it with the rennet of a nevelah (an animal that was not properly slaughtered.” Rabbi Ishmael asks Rabbi Joshua why the Sages forbid cheese made by non-Jews. This prohibition is perplexing to Rabbi Ishmael because even the non-Jews make their cheese from kosher animals such as cows and goats. Since the milk used to make the cheese comes from kosher animals, it should be permitted. Rabbi Joshua responds that non-Jews use rennet to curdle the cheese. This rennet comes from the stomachs of animals that were not properly slaughtered and therefore the cheese is prohibited.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Avodah Zarah
בקיבת עגלי עבודה זרה – and even though it is a mere secretion, it is prohibited, for idolatry is different, as it is written concerning it (Deuteronomy 13:18): “Let nothing that has been doomed stick to you hand,[in order that the LORD may turn from His blazing anger and show you compassion, and in His compassion increase you as He promised your fathers on oath].”
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English Explanation of Mishnah Avodah Zarah
He (Rabbi said: “but is not the rennet of a burnt-offering more strictly forbidden than the rennet of a nevelah? [and yet] it was said that a priest who is not fastidious may suck it out raw.” (Though the Sages disagreed with this opinion, and they said that no benefit may be derived from it, although one who consumed it did not trespass [temple. Rabbi Ishmael responds that a priest who sees rennet in the stomach of a whole burnt offering may drink this rennet (I know this sounds a little gross.). Since a whole burnt offering is forbidden to be eaten, this law proves that the rennet is not considered part of the animal. If it were considered to be an integral part of the animal, it would have been prohibited. Since it is not forbidden in this case then by comparison the rennet used to make cheese should not make the cheese forbidden to Jews, even though it comes from an animal that was improperly slaughtered. At this point the mishnah offers an aside. The statement that the rennet of a whole burnt offering may be consumed by a priest was only Rabbi Ishmael’s opinion. The Rabbis did not agree with him. They stated that it is forbidden to derive benefit from this rennet and yet one who does so is not considered to have taken (trespassed) Temple property. [If he had taken from Temple property he would have to bring a sacrifice to atone for the sin, as well as pay back the value of that which he took.] This section is not an integral part of the mishnah and was added in at a later time.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Avodah Zarah
השיאו לדבר אחר – and he did not want to tell him the reason of the matter because twelve months had not yet passed from when they made this decree. For when the Rabbis make a decree, they do not reveal the reason until twelve months of a year until their decree will become widespread. For perhaps there is someone who doesn’t hold by this reason and will come to despise it, and the reason why they forbade the cheeses of idolaters is because they curdle it in the skin of an animal slaughtered by an idolater which is a carcass, but even though it is a small amount corresponding to all of the milk, since he curdles the milk and performs an act, it is not negated, and we hold that everything goes according to the one who curdles the milk. But because of meat with milk, he did not forbid it, for since the meat on its own is permitted, it is not forbidden with milk, even though he curdles it until he gives forth into it a taste , but I is a matter of something forbidden from its outset. He forbids something that is permitted, even though it does not give forth a taste while he is curdling it.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Avodah Zarah
Rabbi Joshua responded: “The reason then is because they curdle it with the rennet from calves sacrificed to idols.” Rabbi Joshua now provides another reason why non-Jewish cheese is forbidden. Non-Jews use rennet that comes from calves that were used in idol worship. Since any item that was used in idol worship is forbidden to a Jew, non-Jewish cheese is forbidden to a Jew.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Avodah Zarah
כי טובים דודייך מיין – The Holy One, blessed be He says this to the congregation of Israel.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Avodah Zarah
He (Rabbi said to him: “if that be so, why do they not extend the prohibition to any benefit derived from it?” Rabbi Ishmael responds that if non-Jewish cheese is forbidden since it may contain rennet that comes from an animal used in idol worship, then it should not only be forbidden to eat, it should also be forbidden to derive any benefit from it. From the example in the previous mishnah concerning Bithynian cheese, we learned that the Sages said it was only forbidden for consumption and it was not forbidden to derive benefit from non-Jewish cheese.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Avodah Zarah
אין הדבר כן – but rather the congregation of Israel stated before the Holy One, blessed be He (see Talmud Avodah Zarah 35a): “The words of Your beloved ones are a surety before Me,” meaning to say, the ordinances that the Sages have established and decreed are better than the wine of the Torah, from the principle of the Written Torah (as they supplement the Written Torah and complete it).
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English Explanation of Mishnah Avodah Zarah
He (Rabbi diverted him to another matter, saying: “Ishmael, how do you read for your [masc.] love is more delightful than wine” or “your [fem.] love etc. (Song of Songs 1:2” He replied: “your [fem.] love is better …” He said to him: this is not so, as it is proved by its fellow [-verse]: your ointments [masc.] have a goodly fragrance … [therefore do the maidens love you] (Song of Songs 1:3).” Rabbi Joshua does not seem to have an answer to this response of Rabbi Ishmael’s and therefore he distracts him to a different topic, this dealing with the gender of the speaker in the second verse of Song of Songs. The verse states “for your love is more delightful than wine”. “Your love” can either be masculine or feminine. The only difference in the Hebrew is the vocalization; the consonants are exactly the same. Rabbi Ishmael responds that he vocalizes it to be a masculine pronoun. In other words the speaker is feminine and she is speaking to a male. Rabbi Joshua points out that this is surely wrong for the word “your ointments” is masculine. Although this word too can be vocalized to be feminine, the fact that the end of the verse refers to maidens loving him proves that the one being spoken to is male.
